Health Issues Of A Premature BabyApril 04, 2018
As we have read before, premature babies are born before many organs are fully developed and have less or no body fat that can keep them warm after birth. While not all premature babies experience complications, but there can be short-term and long-term health problems. Generally, the earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Birth weight plays an important role, too. Some problems may be apparent at birth, while others may not develop until later. We spoke to some known Neonatologists in Kochi and this is what they have to say.
Depending on how early the baby was born, it’s first few weeks will be in the NICU. During this time, the complications of premature birth may include:
- Breathing problems: A premature baby may have trouble breathing due to an immature respiratory system. If the baby's lungs lack surfactant — a substance that allows the lungs to expand — he or she may develop respiratory distress syndrome because the lungs can't expand and contract normally. Some preterm babies may experience prolonged pauses in their breathing, which can be cured.
- Heart problems: Another organ that probably has not had the chance to develop fully is the heart. The most common heart problems premature babies experience are patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and low blood pressure (hypotension). While this heart defect often closes on its own, left untreated it can lead to a heart murmur, heart failure as well as other complications. Low blood pressure may require adjustments in intravenous fluids, medicines and sometimes blood transfusions.
- Brain problems: The earlier a baby is born, the greater the risk of bleeding in the brain or hemorrhage. Most hemorrhages are mild and resolve with little short-term impact.
- Temperature control problems: Premature babies can lose body heat rapidly. They don't have the stored body fat of a full-term infant, and they can't generate enough heat to counteract what's lost through the surface of their bodies. If body temperature dips too low, it can lead to breathing problems and low blood sugar levels. In addition, a premature infant may use up all of the energy gained from feedings just to stay warm. So they are placed in an incubator until they're larger and able to maintain body temperature without assistance.
- Gastrointestinal problems: Premature infants are more likely to have immature gastrointestinal systems, resulting in complications such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). This potentially serious condition, in which the cells lining the bowel wall are injured, can occur in premature babies after they start feeding. Premature babies who receive only breast milk have a much lower risk of developing NEC.
- Blood problems: Premature babies are at risk of blood problems such as anemia and newborn jaundice. Anemia is a common condition in which the body doesn't have enough red blood cells. While all newborns experience a slow drop in red blood cell count during the first months of life, the decrease may be greater in premature babies. Newborn jaundice is a yellow discoloration in a baby's skin and eyes that occurs because the baby's blood contains excess bilirubin, a yellow-colored substance, from the liver or red blood cells. While there are many causes of jaundice, it is more common in preterm babies.
- Metabolism problems. Premature babies often have problems with their metabolism. Some premature babies may develop an abnormally low level of blood sugar. This can happen because premature infants typically have smaller stores of stored glucose than do full-term babies. Premature babies also have more difficulty converting their stored glucose into more-usable, active forms of glucose.
- Immune system problems. An underdeveloped immune system, common in premature babies, can lead to a higher risk of infection. Infection in a premature baby can quickly spread to the bloodstream, causing sepsis, an infection that spreads to the bloodstream.
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